According to the One Piece Fandom wiki, the Ope Ope no Mi and the Chiyu Chiyu no Mi are the two Devil Fruits, "confirmed to shorten the user's lifespan if used in a particular way."
Interestingly enough, the exact phrasing on the Gomu Gomu no Mi devil fruit page says that Gear Second, "hacks away at Luffy's life force dramatically, increasing a chance of having a much shorter lifespan because he is starving his body." So it isn't guaranteed per se that using this technique will shorten the user's lifespan, simply that it increases the chance that the user will have a shortened lifespan.